聚乳酸接枝改性纳米生物玻璃/PLGA复合材料的制备、表面性质及生物活性

以丙交酯开环聚合原位接枝改性的纳米生物玻璃(PLLA-g-BG)与聚丙交酯-乙交酯(PLGA)复合材料为研究对象,采用TGA,ESEM和EDX分析其接枝率,粒子分散性和表面元素分布,通过将兔成骨细胞种植于材料膜表面进行体外培养,采用荧光染色法、NIH Image J图像分析软件、MTT法和流式细胞术等手段检测细胞在材料表面的平均黏附数量、扩展面积比、增殖能力和细胞周期的变化,综合评价新型改性纳米复合材料的生物相容性和生物活性.结果表明,聚乳酸表面接枝改性可明显改善纳米生物玻璃粒子的团聚;PLGA中掺入一定比例的改性PLLA-g-BG可明显促进兔成骨细胞的黏附、扩展与增殖;改性纳米生物玻璃的应用可提高生物可降解聚酯材料的生物相容性和生物活性.

改性纳米羟基磷灰石/PLGA复合材料的制备及生物活性

以低聚乳酸接枝改性的羟基磷灰石纳米粒子(op-HA)和聚丙交酯-乙交酯(PLGA)制备的生物可降解纳米复合材料(op-HA/PLGA)为研究对象,采用FTIR,TGA,ESEM和EDX分析其接枝反应、接枝率、表面形貌和钙磷沉积情况,通过在材料膜表面接种兔成骨细胞进行体外培养,采用荧光染色、NIH ImageJ图像分析和Real-time PCR综合评价细胞在材料表面的形态、黏附面积比、增殖能力和基因表达水平,以此评价新型骨修复纳米复合材料op-HA/PLGA的表面性质和生物活性.研究结果表明,op-HA的表面接枝率为8.3%,掺入至PLGA后可形成富含钙磷的粗糙表面,促进成骨细胞的黏附、扩展和增殖,提高Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(Collagen-Ⅰ)、骨形态蛋白-2(BMP-2)和骨连接蛋白(Osteonectin)的基因表达水平,提高材料的钙磷沉积能力.op-HA/PLGA具有良好的细胞相容性和...

Feasibility of biodegradable PLGA common bile duct stents: An in vitro and in vivo study

The current study investigates the feasibility of using a biodegradable polymeric stent in common bile duct (CBD) repair and reconstruction. Here, poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, molar ratio LA/GA = 80/20) was processed into a circular tube- and dumbbell-shaped specimens to determine the in vitro degradation behavior in bile. The morphology, weight loss, and molecular weight changes were then investigated in conjunction with evaluations of the mechanical properties of the specimen. Circular tube-shaped PLGA stents with X-ray opacity were subsequently used in common bile duct exploration (CBDE) and primary suturing in canine models. Next, X-ray images of CBD stents in vivo were compared and levels of serum liver enzymes and a histological analysis were conducted after stent transplantation. The results showed that the PLGA stents exhibited the required biomedical properties and spontaneously disappeared from CBDs in 4-5 weeks. The degradation period and function match the requirements in repair and reconstruction of CBDs to support the duct, guide bile drainage, and reduce T-tube-related complications.

Preparation and Bioactivity of the Composite of PLGA and Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals Surface-grafted with L-lactic Acid Oligomer

The hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals of 100-200 nm in length and 20-30 nm in width were hydrothermally synthesized by the reaction of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide. Lactic acid oligomer surface grafted HA(op-HA) nanoparticles were obtained by oligomeric lactic acid with a certain molecular weight grafting onto the HA surface to form a Ca carboxylate bond in the absence of any catalyst. The op-HA was further blended with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) to prepare the nanocomposite of op-HA/PLGA. FTIR, TGA, ESEM and EDX were used to analyze grafting reaction, the graft ratio of op-HA, surface topography and calcium deposition of the composites, respectively. The rabbit osteoblasts were seeded and cultured on the surface of composites in vitro. The cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and gene expression were evaluated with FITC staining, NIH image J software and the analysis of real-time PCR, respectively. The results show that the graft ratio of op-HA is 8.3% (mass fraction). The op-HA/PLGA nanocomposite possessed more suitable surface properties, including roughness and plenty of calcium and phosphor. It exhibited better cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation of rabbit osteoblasts, compared to pure PLGA.

温度敏感的PLGA-PEG-PLGA水凝胶的合成、表征和药物释放

用聚乙二醇PEG1000和4600引发乙交酯(GA)和L-丙交酯(L-LA)开环共聚合得到一系列数均分子量为3 000~7 000的PLGA-PEG-PLGA水凝胶材料.综合应用动态粘弹谱仪和相图,系统报道了该凝胶力学性质和溶胶-凝胶转变的关系,凝胶区间的模量在102~104Pa之间.用荧光光谱证明了该三嵌段聚合物形成胶束的性质并测定了临界胶束浓度,验证了凝胶由胶束形成的机理.凝胶中的头孢他定释放呈现一定程度的缓释作用.

功能化乳酸类聚合物的生物应用研究

乳酸类聚合物具有广泛的生物学和医学应用潜力，但是乳酸类聚酯主链缺少活性位点限制了其应用的范围。用聚乙二醇与聚乳酸共聚进行改性，可以提高担载水溶性药物的效率和控释能力；氨基酸改性再偶联生物分子可以实现乳酸类聚合物的生物功能化和生物智能化的应用。本论文以功能化乳酸类聚合物为研究对象，按照聚乳酸生物功能由低级到高级的顺序分别考察了乳酸类聚合物作为载药纤维、表面活性材料、蛋白质固载和纯化材料、以及靶向药物载体等在一些生物领域的应用，并获得结果如下：1） 聚乙二醇改性的聚乳酸嵌段共聚物纺丝担载阿霉素，具有体内和体外的长效缓释作用；2）以biotin/PLL—PLA—PEG制备的高分子涂层，具有良好的特异性固载生物分子；3）将biotin/PLL—PLA—PEG与PLGA共混制备生物活性纤维，则特异性的固载蛋白质；4）用聚半胱氨酸改性聚乳酸合成PCys—PLA，再和PLGA共混制备纤维，再表面偶联还原型谷胱甘肽，则可以捕获谷胱甘肽转移酶；5）将folate/PLL—PLA—PEG制备成胶束，则具备了叶酸受体介导的生物智能化靶向送药的功能，尤其是在动物肿瘤模型的试验中表现了良好的叶酸受体靶向性。

可生物降解电纺丝超细纤维

电纺丝技术是一种用来制备超细纤维的方法，成本低廉、简单易行。近十年来，电纺丝技术在理论研究和实验参数研究等方面都取得了不小的进展。由电纺丝技术制备的超细纤维直径至少比传统的纺丝工艺低1-3个数量级，因此，在增强复合材料、过滤系统、防护衣、光学和电学器件及生物医药等方面都显示出巨大的应用潜力。尤其是在生物医药领域，电纺丝超细纤维可广泛用作组织工程支架、药物传输与控制释放的载体及创伤敷料等，这也是国际上的一个研究热点。但由于电纺丝过程的复杂性和实验参数的多样性，制备直径分布范围窄的纤维一直是电纺丝的难点之一，另外，以电纺丝超细纤维作为药物传输与释放的载体也是近两年才刚刚发展起来的，还不十分成熟，经常会存在药物的突释现象。针对以上问题，本论文以可生物降解高分子材料PLA、PLGA（80／20）和PCL进行电纺丝，系统地研究了溶剂体系、表面活性剂、鲜溶液流速、喷丝口直径及环境温度与空气流动速度等因素对电纺丝过程及纤维形貌和直径分布的影响，同时对电纺丝纤维的性质进行了分析。在此基础上，我们研究了PLLA和PCL电纺丝超细纤綷的酶降解行为，并实现了PLLA纤维对抗癌药紫杉醇和1. 以氯仿、氯仿/丙酮、1、2-二氯乙烷及氯仿/1,2-氯乙烷为溶剂体系，制备了PLA、PCL和PLGA（80／20）的电纺丝超细纤维。当氯仿与丙酮的体积比为1：1时为最佳溶剂体系，电纺丝过程和纤维形貌都得到较大的改善。阳离子表面活性剂节基三乙基氯化按（TBBAC）和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的加入也可以显著改善电纺丝过程和纤维的直径分布，而非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO10）的改善程度较小。压力较大或喷丝口直径较粗时，则会由于溶液流量的增大而造成纤维的粘连。空气流速较大时，则纤维会由于空气的对流速度加快而发生缠绕和卷曲。2．PLLA、PCL和PLGA（80／20）超细纤维毡的孔隙率都较大，分别达到89％、68％和80％，因此，PLLA和PCL纤维的力学性能都远远低于膜。3．电纺丝过程会使纤维中的高分子链产生一定的排列和高度的取向，但由于纤维的固化速度很快，高分子链来不及进行规整排列而形成结晶，因此，DSC和WXAD的结果都显示，PCL纤维毡的结晶度要比相应的膜低。对于PLLA纤维毡来说，由于Tg在室温以上，在进行DSC测试的升温过程中，会由于分子链的运动而使结晶度升高。4．蛋白酶K在Tris-HCL缓冲液中略显正电性，因而阴离子表面活性剂对蛋白酶K会有一定的吸附作用，而阳离子表面活性剂对蛋白酶K在纤维表面的吸附则有一定的阻碍作用，因此，含有5wt％SDS的PLLA纤维的酶降解速率比含有swt％TEBAC的PLLA纤维稍快。虽然纤维中PLLA的分子链可能高度取向，但在整个降解过程中，PLLA纤维样品都处在非晶状态，没有明显的结晶行为。5．与PLLA纤维的降解情况恰好相反，由于脂肪酶PS在磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）缓冲液中显示较强的负电性，因而阳离子表面活性剂TEBAC会对脂肪酶PS有吸附作用，从而含有5wt％TEBAC的PCL纤维降解速度较快，而阴离子表面活性剂SDS会对脂肪酶PS在纤维表面的吸附有阻碍作用，因此，降解反应在含有5wt％SDS的PCL纤维中几乎不能发生。DSC和WAXD的结果均显示，在降解过程中，含有5wt％TEBAC的PCL纤维的结晶度明显升高。这有两个可能原因：一是脂肪酶PS对PCL纤维的降解是优先发生在无定形区：二是因为降解实验是在37℃的条件下进行的，该温度在PCL的Tg之上和TC温度附近，因而，具有高度排列和取向的PCL纤维就会由于分子链的运动而产生结晶，造成结晶度的提局。6，在电纺丝溶液中加入利福平、紫杉醇和阿霉素等药物，同样会改善电纺丝过程，使纤维直径降低，分布变窄。7．SEM照片和药物控制释放实验均显示，药物模型利福平或抗癌药紫杉醇完全被包埋在PLLA纤维内部，同时，利福平一PLLA纤维和紫杉醇－PLLA纤维在含蛋白酶K的Tris-HCl缓冲液中的释放遵循零级动力学，完全没有突释现象。PLLA纤维的降解速度是药物释放的主导因素。这是在国际范围内首次取得这样的结果，从而使电纺丝超细纤维药物剂型的发展取得了本质上的进步。8．药物在溶剂体系中的溶解性及与高分子材料的相容性是影响药物能否被纤维成功包埋的直接因素，一般脂溶性药物易于被脂溶性的高分子纤维包埋。因此，水溶性的盐酸阿霉素难于被包埋在脂溶性的PLLA纤维内部，在纤维外面和表面存在大量盐酸阿霉素的颗粒。相应地，其药物释放行为存在明显的突释现象，这主要是由纤维外面和表面的盐酸阿霉素的溶解、扩散造成的。而经去盐酸化的阿霉素的脂溶性较好，因此，在PLLA纤维中的包埋及释放行为均得到明显的改善，可实现阿霉素的恒速释放，无突释行为。9．SEM照片显示，药物模型利福平被完全包埋在PLGA（80／20）纤维内部，利福平-PLGA（80／20）纤维在PBS中的释放速率是随着纤维中利福平含量的增加而增加的，利福平的含量越大，其释放速率越快。在释放前期，利福平的扩散起主导作用，而在释放后期，其释放行为则是利福平扩散和PLGA（80／20）降解的双重作用结果。适当增加利福平在纤维中的含量（30wt％），则可以获得恒速的释放行为。10．PBS中TEBAC或SDS浓度的增加会在一定程度上使利福平-PLGA（80／20）纤维的释放速率加快，这主要是由于表面活性剂会降低PBS的表面张力，增加水对PLGA（80／20）纤维的浸润能力，从而加快了利福平的扩散速度。

可生物降解聚合物药物载体及其制备技术

药物释放体系因其具有提高药物的疗效，降低药物的毒副作用，减少药物的服用次数，拓宽给药途径等特点，而成为近几年来人们研究的热点。生物可降解高分子，由于它们在体内可以降解，降解产物可以被机体吸收或代谢，不存在积累在体内的危险，因此成为药物释放体系的载体的首选材料。特别是脂肪族聚酷类高分子，在与聚乙二醇形成嵌段共聚物后，不仅具有生物可降解性，而月＿大大地改善了材料与人体的生物相容性，作为药物载体材料时，延长了药物在体内的循环时间，降低了免疫响应性，引起了人们的极大兴趣。因此本论文主要是以MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物为药物的载体材料，详细研究了高分子量的MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物对紫杉醇的包裹，研究了MPEG-PLA和PLGA聚合物合金对胰岛素固体粉末的包裹，以及低分子量的MPEG-PLA的紫杉醇前药的合成、表征和由它制备而成的胶束的一些性质，取得了一些有意义的结果：1、采用改进的O／W乳液法，用高分子量的MPEG-PLA嵌段共聚物实现了对紫杉醇的纳米化包裹，并证实了聚合物的分子量对所制备的纳米微球的粒径的影响：分子量越大，粒径越大。同时发现了微球粒径越小，药物的包裹量越低。2、用扫描电镜（SEM）、光电子能谱（XPS）、差热分析（DSC）对纳米微球进行了分析和测定，结果表明，微球的尺寸在30Om-800nm范围，紫杉醇在纳米微球的表面几乎不存在，而是以无定形的状态分布在纳米微球中。3、对纳米微球中紫杉醇体外释放行为进行了侧定。它们显现出了明显的双相行为，即在初期释放速度很快，随后的释放速度变慢。同时，研究了MPEG-PLA的分子量对释放行为的影响：聚合物分子量越大，紫杉醇释放的速度就越慢。4、用固体粉末法和双乳液法对胰岛素进行了包裹，其中固体粉末法采用的是PLGA和MPEG-PLA两聚合物的混合溶液对纳米胰岛素颗粒进行了包裹，包裹率分析表明：固体粉末法对药物的包裹率高于双乳液法。所得的微球都是很好的球形，其尺寸在1-3um左右，它的剖面是核壳结构，胰岛素以晶粒的形式被包裹在微球中间。5、对固体粉末法和双乳液法制备的微球的体外释放行为进行了对比，发现由两种聚合物合金制备的微球的暴释现象得到了缓解，同时发现两种聚合物的配比不一样，其暴释缓解的程度不一样。6、以辛酸亚锡为催化剂成功地合成了低分子量的MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物。二经基乙酸配与过量的叔丁醇在DMAP存在下反应，成功制得了二轻基乙酸单叔丁酷。MPEG-PLA的端经基与二经基乙酸单叔丁酷在DCC参与下脱水酷化再将叔丁基去保护，便得到端梭基的MPEG-PLA。7、端基为梭基的MPEG-PLA与紫杉醇的2’-羟基或7-轻基进行了酷化反应，制备出MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药。8、制备了四种低分子量的MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药，用1H NMR和GPC进行了表征分析。紫杉醇前药中紫杉醇的含量最高可达到20％，依赖于MPEG-PLA中PLA段的长度。9、用荧光探针法考察了MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物和MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药的胶束化行为，发现前药总比相对应的两嵌段聚合物有更低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）。用透射电镜观察了胶束的形貌和尺寸大小，以及接药前后胶束尺寸的变化。发现都是很好的球状胶束，MPEG-PLA两嵌段聚合物和MPEG-PLA-紫杉醇前药胶束的平均粒径分别为25±3nm和33士Znm，说明聚合物在接药后，随着疏水部分分子量的增加，所形成的胶束粒径也增大。

Biodegradation of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) tube stents in bile

The objective of this study was to evaluate degradation behavior and the feasibility of biodegradable polymeric stents in common bile duct (CBD) repair and reconstruction. Various molar ratios of lactide (LA) and glycolide (GA) in poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were synthesized and processed into a circular tubing of similar to 10.0 mm outer diameter and a wall thickness of about 2.0 mm.

聚谷氨酸苄酯脱保护制备聚L-谷氨酸的正交实验研究

聚L-谷氨酸苄酯(PBLG)用体积分数为33%的HBr-醋酸溶液脱保护得到聚L-谷氨酸(PLGA).采用正交实验研究了温度、时间、溶剂及33%HBr-醋酸溶液用量在脱保护过程中对聚L-谷氨酸分子量的影响.结果表明,反应温度越高,时间越长,溶剂二氯乙酸用量越大,PBLG降解越快,得到的PLGA分子量越小;33%HBr-醋酸溶液的影响则相反,随着33%HBr-醋酸溶液用量的增加,反应体系酸性减弱,PBLG溶解度降低,肽键断裂减缓,PLGA分子量也就相对较大

水包油包固体乳化法制备蛋白药物缓释微球

以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型药物,研究了一种新型载药微球的水包油包固体(S/O/W)乳化法.用纳米尺寸的SiO2吸附溶液中的BSA,得到粒径约为30nm的含药粒子,再用PLGA包裹含药粒子.考察不同制备条件对载药量和包封率的影响,并与传统的双乳法(W/O/W)进行了对比,发现该制备方法提高了药物的载药量(由2.5%到3.1%)和包封率(由72%到90%以上),同时提高了药物活性.

The nanocomposite scaffold of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and hydroxyapatite surface-grafted with L-lactic acid oligomer for bone repair

Nanohydroxyapatite (op-HA) surface-modified with L-lactic acid oligomer (LAc oligomer) was prepared by LAc oligomer grafted onto the hydroxyapatite (HA) surface. The nanocomposite of op-HA/PLGA with different op-HA contents of 5, 10, 20 and 40 wt.% in the composite was fabricated into three-dimensional scaffolds by the melt-molding and particulate leaching methods. PLGA and the nanocomposite of HA/PLGA with 10 wt.% of ungrafted hydroxyapatite were used as the controls. The scaffolds were highly porous with evenly distributed and interconnected pore structures, and the porosity was around 90%. Besides the macropores of 100-300 mu m created by the leaching of NaCl particles, the micropores (1-50 mu m) in the pore walls increased with increasing content of op-HA in the composites of op-HA/PLGA. The op-HA particles could disperse more uniformly than those of pure HA in PLGA matrix. The 20 wt.% op-HA/PLGA sample exhibited the maximum mechanical strength, including bending strength (4.14 MPa) and compressive strength (2.31 MPa). The cell viability and the areas of the attached osteoblasts on the films of 10 wt.% op-HA/PLGA and 20 wt.% op-HA/PLGA were evidently higher than those on the other composites.

Insulin nanoparticle preparation and encapsulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by using an anhydrous system

Insulin has been encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres by solid-in-oil-in-oil (S/O/O) emulsion technique using DMF/corn oil as new solvent pairs. To get better encapsulation efficiency, insulin nanoparticles were prepared by the modified isoelectric point precipitation method so that it had good dispersion in the inner oil phase. The resulting microspheres had drug loading of 10% (w/w), while the encapsulation efficiency could be up to 90-100%. And the insulin release from the microspheres could last for 60 days. Microspheres encapsulated original insulin with the same method had lower encapsulation efficiency, and shorter release period. Laser scanning confocal microscopy indicated the insulin nanoparticle and original insulin had different distribution in microspheres. The results suggested that using insulin nanoparticle was better than original insulin for microsphere preparation by S/O/O method.

In vivo mineralization and osteogenesis of nanocomposite scaffold of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) and hydroxyapatite surface-grafted with poly(L-lactide)

Nanocomposite of hydroxyapatite (HAP) surface-grafted with poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) (g-HAP) shows a wide application for bone fixation materials due to its improved interface compatibility, mechanical property and biocompatibility in our previous study. In this paper, a 3-D porous scaffold of g-HAP/poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was fabricated using the solvent casting/particulate leaching method to investigate its applications in bone replacement and tissue engineering. The composite of un-grafted HAP/PLGA and neat PLGA were used as controls. Their in vivo mineralization and osteogenesis were investigated by intramuscular implantation and replacement for repairing radius defects of rabbits. After surface modification, more uniform distribution of g-HAP particles but a lower calcium exposure on the surface of g-HAP/PLGA was observed. Intramuscular implantation study showed that the scaffold of g-HAP/PLGA was more stable than that of PLGA, and exhibited similar mineralization and biodegradability to HAP/PLGA at the 12-20 weeks post-surgery.

Comparative study of paclitaxel physically encapsulated in and chemically conjugated with PEG-PLA

Paclitaxel-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lactide (LA)) (PEG-PLA) micelles were prepared by two methods. One is physical encapsulation of paclitaxel in micelles composed of a PEG-PLA block copolymer and the other is based on a PEG-PLA-paclitaxel conjugate, abbreviated as "conjugate micelles" Their physicochemical characteristics, e.g. critical micelle concentration (CMC), morphology, and micelle size distribution were then evaluated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results show that the CMC of PEG-PLA-paclitaxel and PEG-PLA are 6.31 x 10(4) and 1.78 x 10(-3) g L-1, respectively. Both micelles assume a spherical shape with comparable diameters and have unimodal size distribution. Moreover, in vitro drug delivery behavior was studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antitumor activity of the paclitaxel-loaded micelles against human liver cancer H7402 cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.